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1992-02-15
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When,
in
the
couse
of
human
events,
it
becomes
necessary
for
one
people
to
dissolve
the
political
bands
which
have
connected
them
with
another,
and
to
assume
among
the
Powers
of
the
earth
the
separate
and
equal
station
to
which
the
Laws
of
Nature
and
of
Nature's
God
entitle
them,
a
decent
respect
to
the
opinions
of
mankind
requires
that
they
should
declare
the
causes
which
impel
them
to
the
separation.
We
hold
these
truths
to
be
self-
evident;
that
all
men
are
created
equal,
that
they
are
endowed
by
their
Creator
with
certain
unalienable
rights;
that
among
these
are
Life,
Liberty,
and
the
pursuit
of
Happiness.
That
to
secure
these
rights
Governments
are
instituted
among
Men,
deriving
their
just
powers
from
the
consent
of
the
governed.
That
whenever
any
Form
of
Government
becomes
destructive
of
these
ends,
it
is
the
Right
of
the
People
to
alter
or
to
abolish
it,
and
to
institute
new
Government,
laying
its
foundation
on
such
principles
and
organizing
its
powers
in
such
form
as
to
them
shall
seem
most
likely
to
effect
their
Safety
and
Happiness.
Prudence,
indeed,
will
dictate
that
Governments
long
established
should
not
be
changed
for
light
and
transient
causes;
and
accordingly,
all
experience
hath
shown
that
mankind
are
more
disposed
to
suffer,
while
evils
are
sufferable,
than
to
right
themselves
by
abolishing
the
forms
to
which
they
are
accustomed.
But,
when
a
long
train
of
abuses
and
usurpations,
pursuing
invariably
the
same
Object,
evinces
a
design
to
reduce
them
under
absolute
Despotism,
it
is
their
right,
it
is
their
duty
to
throw
off
such
Government,
and
to
provide
new
Guards
for
their
future
security.
Such
has
been
the
patient
sufferance
of
these
Colonies;
and
such
is
now
the
necessity
which
constrains
them
to
alter
their
former
Systems
of
Government.
The
history
of
the
present
King
of
Great
Britain
is
a
history
of
repeated
injuries
and
usurpations,
all
having
in
direct
object
the
establishment
of
an
absolute
Tyranny
over
these
States.
To
prove
this,
let
Facts
be
submitted
to
a
candid
world:
He
has
refused
his
Assent
to
Laws,
the
most
wholesome
and
necessary
for
the
public
good.
He
has
forbidden
his
Governors
to
pass
Laws
of
immediate
and
pressing
importance,
unless
suspended
in
their
operation
till
his
Assent
should
be
obtained;
and
when
so
suspended
he
has
utterly
neglected
to
attend
to
them.
He
has
refused
to
pass
other
Laws
for
the
accomodation
of
large
districts
of
people,
unless
those
people
would
relinquish
the
right
of
Representation
in
the
Legislature,
a
right
inestimable
to
them
and
formidable
to
Tyrants
only.
He
has
called
together
legislative
bodies
at
places
unusual,
uncomfortable,
and
distant
from
the
depository
of
their
Public
Records,
for
the
sole
purpose
of
fatiguing
them
into
compliance
with
his
measures.
He
has
dissolved
Representative
Houses
repeatedly,
for
opposing
with
manly
firmness
his
invasions
on
the
rights
of
the
people.
He
has
refused
for
a
long
time,
after
such
dissolutions
to
cause
others
to
be
elected;
whereby
the
Legislative
Powers,
incapable
of
Annihilation,
have
returned
to
the
People
at
large
for
their
exercise;
the
State
remaining,
in
the
meantime,
exposed
to
all
the
dangers
of
invasion
from
without
and
convulsions
within.
He
has
endeavored
to
prevent
the
population
of
these
States;
for
that
purpose
obstructing
the
Laws
for
Naturalization
of
Foreigners;
refusing
to
pass
others
to
encourage
their
migration
hither,
and
raising
the
conditions
of
new
Appropriations
of
Lands.
He
has
obstructed
the
Administration
of
Justice,
by
refusing
his
Assent
to
Laws
for
establishing
Judiciary
Powers.
He
has
made
Judges
dependent
on
his
Will
alone,
for
the
tenure
of
their
offices,
and
the
amount
and
payment
of
their
salaries.
He
has
erected
a
multitude
of
New
Offices,
and
sent
hither
swarms
of
Officers
to
harass
our
People,
and
eat
out
their
substance.
He
has
kept
among
us,
in
times
of
peace,
Standing
Armies,
without
the
consent
of
our
legislature.
He
has
affected
to
render
the
Military
independent
of
and
superior
to
the
Civil
Power.
He
has
combined
with
others
to
subject
us
to
a
jurisdiction
foreign
to
our
constitution
and
unacknowledged
by
our
laws;
giving
his
assent
to
their
acts
or
pretended
legislation.
For
quartering
large
bodies
of
armed
troups
among
us.
For
protecting
them
by
a
mock
Trial,
from
Punishment
for
any
Murders
which
they
should
commit
on
the
Inhabitants
of
these
States.
For
cutting
off
our
Trade
with
all
parts
of
the
world.
For
imposing
taxes
on
us
without
our
Consent.
For
depriving
us,
in
many
cases,
of
the
benefits
of
Trial
by
Jury.
For
transporting
us
beyond
Seas
to
be
tried
for
pretended
offences.
For
abolishing
the
free
System
of
English
Laws
in
a
neighboring
Province,
establishing
therein
an
Arbitrary
government,
and
enlarging
its
Boundaries
so
as
to
render
it
at
once
an
example
and
fit
instrument
for
introducing
the
same
absolute
rule
in
these
Colonies.
For
taking
away
our
Charters,
abolishing
our
most
valuable
Laws,
and
altering
fundamentally
the
Forms
of
our
Governments.
For
suspecting
our
own
Legislature,
and
declaring
themselves
invested
with
Power
to
legislate
for
us
in
all
cases
whatsoever.
He
had
abdicated
Government
here,
by
declaring
us
out
of
his
protection,
and
waging
War
against
us.
He
has
plundered
our
seas,
ravaged
our
Coasts,
burnt
our
towns,
and
destroyed
the
lives
of
our
people.
He
is
at
this
time
transporting
large
armies
of
foreign
mercenaries
to
compleat
the
works
of
death,
desolation
and
tyranny,
already
begun
with
circumstances
of
cruelty
&
perfidy
scarcely
paralleled
in
the
most
barborous
ages,
and
totally
unworthy
the
head
of
a
civilized
nation.
He
has
constrained
our
fellow
citizens
taken
Captive
on
the
high
Seas
to
bear
Arms
against
their
Country,
to
become
the
executioners
of
their
friends
and
Brethren,
or
to
fall
themselves
by
their
Hands.
He
has
excited
domestic
insurrections
amongst
us,
and
has
endeavored
to
bring
on
the
inhabitants
of
our
frontiers,
the
merciless
Indian
Savages,
whose
known
rule
of
warfare
is
an
undistinguished
destruction
of
all
ages,
sexes,
and
conditions.
In
every
stage
of
these
Oppressions
We
have
Petitioned
for
Redress
in
the
most
humble
terms.
Our
repeated
Petitions
have
been
answered
only
by
repeated
injury.
A
Prince
whose
character
is
thus
marked
by
every
act
which
may
define
a
Tyrant
is
unfit
to
be
the
ruler
of
a
free
people.
Nor
have
we
been
wanting
in
attentions
to
our
British
brethren.
We
have
warned
them
from
time
to
time
of
attempts
by
their
legislature
to
extend
an
unwarrantable
jurisdiction
over
us.
We
have
reminded
them
of
the
circumstances
of
our
emigration
and
settlement
here.
We
have
appealed
to
their
native
justice
and
magnanimity,
and
we
have
conjured
them
by
the
ties
of
our
common
kindred
to
disavow
these
usurpations
which
would
inevitably
interrupt
our
connections
and
correspondence.
They,
too,
have
been
deaf
to
the
voice
of
justice
and
of
consanguinity.
We
must,
therefore,
acquiesce
in
the
necessity
which
denounces
our
Separation,
and
hold
them,
as
we
hold
the
rest
of
mankind;
Enemies
in
War;
in
Peace,
Friends.
We,
therefore,
the
Representatives
of
the
United
States
of
America,
in
General
Congress
Assembled,
appealing
to
the
Supreme
Judge
of
the
world
for
the
rectitude
of
our
intentions,
do,
in
the
Name
and
by
Authority
of
the
good
People
of
these
Colonies,
solemnly
publish
and
declare
that
these
United
Colonies
are,
and
of
Right
ought
to
be,
Free
and
Independent
States;
that
they
are
Absolved
from
all
Allegiance
to
the
British
Crown,
and
that
all
political
connection
between
them
and
the
State
of
Great
Britain
is,
and
ought
to
be,
totally
dissolved;
and
that,
as
Free
and
Independent
States,
they
have
full
Power
to
levy
War,
conclude
Peace,
contract
Alliances,
establish
Commerce,
and
to
do
all
other
Acts
and
Things
which
Independent
States
may
of
right
do.
And
for
the
support
of
this
Declaration,
with
a
firm
reliance
on
the
Protection
of
Divine
Providence
we
mutually
pledge
to
each
other
our
Lives,
our
Fortunes,
and
our
sacred
Honor.